Placing eggs into the boxFlushing any sediment out of the bottom of the rocks while the eggs are hatchingHatched eggs or alevin. Here the egg sacks are shown attached to the body, & soon will be heading into the gravel for another month
The water needs to have a steady flow over the eggs to insure they survive. If too much sediment gets into the box, it can smother the eggs. This sediment can be somewhat of a problem if the water is discolored as even his filtering & flushing may not take all the fine sediment out. If sediment to any degree settles over the unhatched eggs it then may be best to stir up this water above them & try to have the sediment float upwards & possibly out the overflow. In the upper right picture below the sediment is about maximum & still have the majority of the eggs survive. Jan 4th, most of the eggs are hatched with the red being the egg sack attached to the young fish body. When this picture was taken, about 80% of the eggs have hatched & have already moved down into the gravel. It will take about another 3 to 5 weeks before they consume the sack & move up out of the rocks & then migrate out of the box.
Emerging fry from the rocks
Lots of fry in catch barrel for relocation, & this number moved out just overnight
Possibly 5000 fry in 5 gallon bucket ready to be relocated into the upper creek
February 18th fry were observed emerging from the rocks in 2005, but not until the middle of March in 2007. The date of emergence was February 14th on one box & March 8th in another in 2008. Water temperature is the factor here & one of his sites typically is about a week ahead of the other. At this stage when they emerge, they are about 1 1/2" long. If he wants for all of these fry to go into the creek, he just lets them go out the overflow & into the creek on their own.
Move Fry To Better Rearing Areas : However if he wants to transport some of them to other locations above this site, he then captures them in a catch basin. The overflow from the rock egg box was ran into a cut off 50 gallon barrel which acts as a catch basin for when the fry voluntarily leave the box. In this 1/2 barrel there are many small holes drilled around the top, or lined with screen, about 3" down from the top. These holes let the overflow water (that carried the fry into the barrel) drain out but yet retain the fry. When there are enough fish to transfer into 5 galloon buckets, they are then taken by a pickup truck or 4 wheel drive quads to the upper reaches of the same creek where there are small beaver dams & holding areas for the fry to make their home for a while. Everything has to be ready & the distance to their new home can not be over a couple of miles as the quickness of getting them back into the water is paramount in that this many fry will use up the available oxygen rather quickly.
Filling the 3rd bucket with fry. Notice the 2 white buckets already full of fry.Dumping the fry into the upper part of the main creek to disperse the fish better
This small stream above the egg box area does not have many gravel locations to allow spawning to take place & or be very productive. But it is good raising water for the fry, once they are transferred there. There are cool alder shaded pools, beaver dams & excellent water for these fry to spend the next months in before heading for the saltwater.
Here are 2 paired up salmon going over a riffle below one egg boxThese 2 salmon are resting below a riffle, next to the bank in the brushA salmon above a riffle. Note all the sores on her top fins, tail & body
Returning Fish : The earliest we have seen returning salmon in the main creek was October 31 2009. There was just over 3" of rain fall in the preceding 10 days plus another 1 3/4" during the previous 2 weeks, which was enough to bring the fish in from the ocean & lower river. There was not really enough water in the side creeks where Errol has the egg boxes for the fish. Plus one side creek did not have enough water to guarantee egg survival at that time.
The first day salmon returned in 2005 was December 26th as shown in above LH picture after there had slightly over 5" of rain in the 8 days just prior. The picture in the middle was taken 2 days later with another 1" of rain pushing the water higher & muddier. The picture on the RH side was taken a year later. When there are rains enough to have enough water for the fish to return & spawn, it is many times higher & muddier than hoped for to take good pictures.
Prime spawning gravel on the head of the main creek, but not enough water at the right time of the year to allow fish to pass up to itOne lone soreback spawned out female left guarding her red in the center of the photo
The above LH picture was taken about Thanksgiving, but there had been no rain for some time & the creek was so low that if the fish were in the main river there was not enough water for passage to the upper section of the creek. These fish need a stream bed that has enough gravel for them to spawn in. If it is just mud or silt, even if they do spawn, the eggs will smother & die.
The RH picture was taken Jan 4th, with most all the fish spawned out & dead, with this one lone female left kind of guarding her red (the depression she dug with her tail where she deposited her eggs). She has a lot of whitish sores on her back & fins which about all you can distinguish her by.
Errol's home sits on the stream bank overlooking one of his egg boxes. The day he called & said the salmon were back, from his porch we counted about 10 salmon in the process of spawning in the 100 yard area next to his house. In these pictures, the red colored fish is the male. These fish appear to be in good shape as there are no worn tails or dorsal fins that can start decaying & turn whitish. However some of these pictures were taken 2 days later & the whitish fins have began to show. If there are more males than females, the males will fight over being able to fertilize the female's eggs.
The average return for his efforts may only result in 1 1/2% returning fish 3 years later. One year he stood on the porch of his house & watched 14 fish spawning in the small stream below next to the tank that they originated from. Other years only 3 fish were present that he saw. The situation is that many times the rain & therefore the water flows are not enough at the right time to allow returning salmon to migrate as far up the creek as his location. It is then hoped that these fish may find a place to spawn in the lower creek, although possibly not as desired as the upper smaller tributaries. This is one of his reasons to do this in that many years there has not been the rains at the right times for salmon migration to the most desirable spawning gravel, thus diminishing the percentage of later returning fish.
It takes about a month for the eggs to hatch & they then burry themselves down into the rock crevices, & live on the nutrients of their egg sacs. When they emerge from the rocks, they will be about 1 1/4" long. They then on their own will swim, or be carried out the overflow & into the small stream. If he wants to disperse these fry into a better rearing area upstream or downstream in the same stream, he can now catch some going out the overflow & plant them in his picked out locations.
These small Coho salmon will stay in the streams for another year, growing to about 6" long. They then migrate out to the ocean in the spring, where they tend to turn right & head toward Canadian & Alaskan waters. Usually 2 years after they enter salt water, they return to their home streams to mate. The female finds a gravel bar to her liking, scoops out a depression in the gravel with her tail & deposits her eggs in this hole, known as a red. When she lays her eggs, the male is always nearby (like side by side to her) & he fertilizes them as they lay in the red. When the process is over she covers the eggs with gravel. Many times the female will allow another male fertilize her eggs, just another mother natures methods of diversifying the gene pool. When there are no more eggs or sperm, both of the salmon will die. Their carcasses will decay & provide nutrients for water bugs or as food itself for the young fish after they hatch & enter the stream.
They can find their home stream by a very good sense of smell. They get imprinted by the water they grew up in & remember it's smell when they get ready to return. Some salmon can detect 1 part in 8 billion. Using this smell, they can find the same stream they originated from.
Errol spent time in a hospital the summer of 2005 which they finally diagnosed as rabbit fever & it looked bad for a week until they figured out what was going on. He had time to think about what he has done & realized that he is not invincible, so has now added another volunteer name (me) as a secondary person to carry on his legacy if & when he may get sick or old enough that he can not function, or may pass on. We fisherpersons owe a lot to the dedicated people who perform this type of work.
Plugged Culvert : During the late summer of 2006 Errol found a 5' corrugated steel culvert on logging road D1100 on a east fork of Deep Creek above his egg boxes that had been plugged almost completely by beavers during the summer. This has been a recurring situation where he has been able to manually remove the beaver sticks before. This time the beavers were persistent.
Inside of the culvert looking upstreamThe upstream side before removalThe same upstream side after removalLook at the rusty bottom which would have been the water flow level
After contacting the landowners, Port Blakey Timber Co. , WDNR & WDFW, the landowners brought in a excavator & a crew that removed this blockage just in time before the fall rains began. This blockage could have hampered some of his operation in that it would have blocked any chance of any of his possible returning salmon to migrate into this section of the creek & on to any possible upstream spawning gravel.
In another light about mid 1990s $500,000 was spent placing wood debris in the creek, fencing & rocking muddy roads to help protect the stream. Then a few years later about a mile upstream from this culvert a culvert was removed & replaced with a concrete/steel bridge for $60,000. The in about 2007 another larger culvert at the end of the county road was replaced with a concrete bridge for another $500,000.
Errol has taken it upon himself to be the guardian of the upper Deep Creek watershed. He stays on top of needs of this watershed & over the years has a stack of business cards for supervisors of most all of the management bodies involved. he is not afraid to contact them when the need arises.
The beavers were at it again during the summer of 2009 & the blockage had to be removed again.